TUGAS 3 BAHASA INGGRIS 2 (CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS)
Nama : Dessy Nopyanti Amrulloh
Kelas : 1EA01
NPM : 11219677
Understanding new type of Corona Virus infecting thousands of people
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Vice Dean III of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FKH) Universitas Airlangga who is also First Chairman of Indonesian Veterinary Association Executive Board (PB PDHI), Prof. Dr. Soewarno, drh., M.Si., explains about 2019-ncov. (Photo: Nabila Amelia
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UNAIR
NEWS – In the last few weeks, the world has been shocked by an epidemic that
continues to spread to various countries and has claimed many lives. The spread
of this outbreak, allegedly stems from a series of pneumonia cases with no
known cause, in the Wuhan area, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019.
Some experts believe that the outbreak was caused
by a new type of corona virus. If observed in a microscope, corona viruses have
characteristics such as a crown that is marked with a protein spike or protein
s around the surface of the virus. It is this type of protein that acts as a
receptor and influences the process of infection in humans.
According to history, Corona Virus was first
identified as a cause of the common cold in 1960. Until 2002, the virus was not considered fatal. However, after the
presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-Cov) in China, experts
began to focus on the causes and find results if the outbreak was caused by a
new form of corona.
Then, in 2012 there was also a similar outbreak of
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-Cov) in the Middle East. From both
events, it is known that the corona is not a stable virus and is able to adapt
to be more violent, even causing death. Since then, research on corona has
grown.
Emergence of a New Type of Corona: Novel Corona Virus (2019-ncov)
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| Corona virus. (Photo: Queen University Homepage Belfast, UK) |
Observing
the spreading of the virus, Vice Dean III of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
(FKH) Universitas Airlangga, Prof. Dr. Soewarno, drh., M.Si., made some comments.
He argued that the new type of corona virus or Novel Corona Virus (2019-ncov)
that is now spreading, is not a new thing, but a result of mutations. The virus
is similar to the corona that causes SARS-Cov and MERS-Cov.
“The
corona virus has been around for a long time, both in humans and animals. For
example, birds, turkeys, pigs, mice, cats, and dogs, each of which exists
alone. In
humans as well. Meanwhile, there are seven types of corona viruses found from
1960 to 2019 with the name Novel Corona Virus, “he explained.
Corona virus is divided
into four types of genus, namely alpha coronavirus, beta corona virus, gamma
coronavirus, and delta coronavirus. However, the corona virus that often attacks humans only comes from the alpha
genus and the beta genus (most dangerous), while the corona virus that attacks
animals is from the delta genus and the gamma genus.
Seven
types of corona viruses that infect humans are HCoV-229E (alpha coronavirus),
HCoV-NL63 (alpha coronavirus), HCoV-OC43 (beta coronavirus), and HCoV-HKU1
(beta coronavirus). The other three are the beta genus which can infect animals
as well as humans after evolving in new forms, namely SARS-Cov, MERS-Cov, and
2019-ncov.
“Structurally,
the three new types of corona viruses have similarities in terms of structure
and morphology. But it is different for their genetic and host. Moreover, being able to
infect humans, this virus is categorized as zoonosis, “said Prof. Soewarno.
Corona
virus also has a number of characteristics. It is Single-stranded RNA so it is
easy to mutate. Furthermore, there are four types of proteins that play an
important role in them, including spike protein, matrix protein, envelope
protein, and nucleoprotein. Of the four types, spike protein is the type
that most often mutates because it has a role as a receptor attached to the
host.
“In the
past, this corona virus was classified as host-specific. That is, it can only
infect between animals or between humans. But with the mutation process, it is possible to
infect other living things. Moreover, corona can also experience changes
that are influenced by the environment, host, time, and changes in the nature
of RNA, “he explained.
Novel Corona Virus Distribution and Handling Efforts
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Using mask is one of the preventive measures that can be done to prevent the spread of 2019-ncov. (Illustration: Unsplash / Ani Kolleshi)
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According to a number of reports circulating, the spread of 2019-ncov, allegedly has a connection with the activities of a number of people in consuming extreme cuisine such as rats, bats, mice, carnivores, and primates. Although there is still a polemic regarding the exact cause of 2019-ncov, both experts and health authorities continue to carry out further research and treatment related to this virus.
“Unlike
the corona virus that circulated before, SARS-Cov originated from bats, while
MERS-Cov was transmitted by camels. So far, it was concluded that 2019-ncov, mutated
in bats, then continued into snakes, and ended up in humans. Therefore, people are
advised to avoid consuming wild animals, “said First Chairman of the Indonesian
Veterinary Association Executive Board (PB PDHI).
He gave
an example on bats. According to Prof. Soewarno, there are three types of bats,
insect-eating bats, blood-sucking bats, and fruit-eating bats. The three types
of bats both act as virus vectors or disease intermediaries so they are not
recommended for human consumption.
“In addition, bats
can also carry viruses of several types, such as lyssavirus, coronavirus,
adenivirus, and paramyxovirus, which are transmitted through bites or saliva.
If that happens, it will be dangerous for humans, “said Prof. Soewarno.
Not
only spreading through wildlife, 2019-ncov also infects humans through coughing
and sneezing. Therefore, the community should prevent the spread of the virus
by maintaining immunity, protecting the environment, wearing masks in an open
space, processing food properly, and immediately seeing a doctor if you
experience symptoms such as a sore throat, flu, cough, fever, or shortness of
breath.
“The
public must be vigilant because the 2019-ncov symptoms can appear in only one
or fourteen days after exposure to the virus. This is based on observation of
previous virus spread as the MERS-Cov incubation period. Until now any specific
treatment has not yet been found yet other than isolation, “he explained.
The
Professor of Virology and Immunology of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine UNAIR
also urged health workers to be vigilant because they have a greater risk of
contraction, avoiding close contact with sufferers of Acute Respiratory
Infection, using personal protective equipment, frequently washing hands after
making contact with the environment of the sick, and reminding the ethics of coughing
to acute respiratory infection patients. (*)
Author:
Nabila Amelia
Editor:
Khefti Al Mawalia
Conjunctive Adverbs
# Conjunctive Adverbs Result
1.
So
far, it was concluded that
2019-ncov, mutated in bats, then continued into snakes, and ended up in
humans.
Therefore, people are advised to avoid consuming wildanimals, “said First Chairman of the
Indonesian Veterinary Association Executive Board
(PB PDHI).
2. Not only
spreading through wildlife, 2019-ncov also infects humans through coughing and
sneezing. Therefore, the community should
prevent the spread of the virus by maintaining immunity, protecting the
environment, wearing masks in an open space, processing food properly, and
immediately seeing a doctor if you experience symptoms such as a sore throat,
flu, cough, fever, or shortness of breath.
# Conjunctive Adverbs Addition
1. “In addition, bats can also carry viruses of several
types, such as lyssavirus, coronavirus, adenivirus, and paramyxovirus, which
are transmitted through bites or saliva. If that happens, it will be dangerous
for humans, “said Prof. Soewarno.
2.
Corona
virus also has a number of characteristics. It is Single-stranded RNA so
it is easy to mutate. Furthermore,
there are four types of proteins that play an
important role in them, including spike protein, matrix protein, envelope
protein,
and nucleoprotein.
3.
But
it is different for their genetic and host. Moreover,
being able to infect humans, this virus is categorized as zoonosis,“said Prof.
Soewarno.
4. But with
the mutation process, it is possible to infect other living things. Moreover, corona can also experience changes that are
influenced by the environment, host, time, and changes in the nature of RNA,
“he explained.
# Conjunctive Adverbs Contrast
1.
Corona virus is
divided into four types of genus, namely alpha coronavirus, beta corona virus,
gamma coronavirus, and delta coronavirus. However, the
corona virus that often attacks humans only comes from the alpha genus and the
beta genus (most dangerous), while the corona virus that attacks animals is
from the delta genus and the gamma genus.
2.
Until 2002,
the virus was not considered fatal. However,
after the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-Cov) in China,
experts began to focus on the causes and find results if the outbreak was
caused by a new form of corona.
# Conjunctive Adverbs Time
1. In humans
as well. Meanwhile, there are seven types of corona viruses found from 1960
to 2019 with the name Novel Corona Virus, “he
explained.
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